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Saturday, July 27, 2013

Education for Everyone



Education for Everyone
            In this 21st century education for young people becomes the main concern almost all of country in the world. United States of America as a developed country also put education to the top priority. The education for children is compulsory and it is supported by funding from government both from federal and states. U.S government spends much funding for supporting the educational institution. Many plans and policies has been made related to field of education. The most enormous plan is No Child Left Behind (NCLB) that is initiate by president Bush in 2001 and legalized by the U.S Congress in 2002 (U.S Department of Education, 2012). Similar to what happen in U.S, Indonesia also puts education in the top priority. Indonesian government has allocated 20% of national budget for education sector. Policies that support the education also has been made such as Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun (compulsory education for nine years) and Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) to support the funding of primary and junior high school. However, both country still facing the same problem which is unequal chance to get good education. In this essay I would like to compare and criticize how the educational policies in U.S and Indonesia and its effect to help each child to pursue their education and some issues that related to education in U.S and Indonesia such as school opportunity equality, racism, and discrimination.
            Education development in U.S has passed long history and many changes has been made to make a better education for the nation. The milestones of education development in U.S was started with the case of Brown vs Board of Education.  The case was started because of segregation law that prohibited the black and white children to go to the same school. Oliver Brown was the figure of the plaintiff that raised the case up to Supreme Court. Oliver’s daughter had to walk more than seven blocks to go the bus station and 2 more miles to go the school because of the segregation law. Fourteenth Amendment of U.S Constitution (1968) as cited in U.S Courts (2013), “the law strengthened the legal rights of newly freed slaves by stating, among other things, that no state is allowed deprive anyone of either “due process of law” or of the “equal protection of the law”. However, in fact the amendments did not give the equal chance for all children. According to McBride (2006) in 1954 there were many of the United States had racially segregated schools, made legal by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which held that segregated public facilities were constitutional as long as the black and white facilities were equal to each other. The African American children like Linda could not go to the white public school although it is only six blocks from her house. That case was leading the civil right movement in which resulting the decision from U.S Supreme Court that banned the segregation in public school.
            The case above shows that in U.S to get the equal opportunity in education was really hard in the past. The main factor that make the inequality in the past was discrimination because of race. Actually it is a continuous effect of hundreds year of slavery that put the black people in low position. The policies and law in which segregate the school gives many inequality to black people. The segregation make inferior education for black people since the area or district where they schooled in had less budget and funding. The discrimination to get equal education is not only happen to black people but also other minority groups in U.S such as Asian, Latino, and Hispanics. Data based on research by Cordes and Miller (2006) showed that Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in American schools, increasing from 10% of the enrollment in public schools in 1986 to 16% in 1999. However, they are not accommodated to get the education maximally. The number of dropout students in academic year 1999-2000 from Hispanics group was 7, 4%, while the white students was only 4, 1% (Cordes & Miller, 2006).
            The other factor that make inequality to get education in U.S are the unfair distribution of education funding. The U.S federal government does have priority in education field as high as state government. The federal government only supports small portion from national budget for education. According to Cordes and Miller (2006) the responsibility of federal government are provide safety and set the minimum requirements. Data from research that is conducted by Cordes and Miller (2006) recorded that the funding for elementary and secondary school in 1940 was 68% from local taxes, 305 from state government, and only 2% from federal government. Almost five decades later the support from federal still have not improved significantly. In 1999 the funding for elementary and secondary was only 7 from federal government, the rest 48% was supported by state government and 44% by local taxes (Cordes & Miller, 2006). The data shows that the education quality are not really guaranteed by the federal government, it depends more on policy and support from local district and state. The state that has less income and taxes will give less funding support, as a consequence the education quality also will be lower. It is mostly happen in southern state which has lower income and has more non-white citizens, as result the black and minority group will have less chance to get the education.
            The most recent and controversial policy in education is No Child Left Behind Act 2001. The act was signed to the law by the President Bush in January 8th, 2002 (Villavicencio, 2005). It is the reform act after the Education Act in 1965. This law has four main pillars as a foundation which are Stronger Accountability for Results, More Freedom for States and Communities, Proven Education Methods, and More Choices for Parents (U.S Department of Education, 2004). Each pillar aims to direct the program to achieve specific goals. However, in fact there are so many problem and obstacles in implementing those pillars. For the first pillar, Stronger Accountability for results aims to make states able to close the achievement gap between ethnic group or race and make sure that all students, included they that come from low-income economy can achieve academic proficiency. In order to that the states and school district must report the annual report that shows the states and school progress. The report is based on the test result of proficiency and mathematics. The realization was not as good as the plan. Since the states and school district are given the authority to make the achievement standard, they make only single standard that applied in entire part of the state regardless the students’ ability level, ethnics, and first language. It means that the aim to provide education for all students cannot be achieved because actually it is kind of discrimination by treating different students with same method instead of equal.  The students with particular differences will not equal opportunity to pass the standard since the standard does not match with their ability. The assessment is also not valid since the students’ achievement only measured by multiple choice reading and mathematics test (Carleton, 2008). The rest of the pillars also failed to achieve the purpose, for example the second pillar, More Freedom for States and Communities which means the states and local school district have the authority in allocating the  federal funding for education based on their needs to develop the school. In fact the federal government consistently failed to provide adequate funding to support the program (Carleton, 2008). In certain states and sub-urban area the school even does not have enough budget to provide the stationary and some others needs to run the school activity.
            Due to many problems and arguments that against No Child Left Behind the current government of President Obama has tried to reform and redesign the NCLB. The proposed blue print of reformation and new design of NCLB has been sent to Congress in March 2010, but there is no response on it (White House, 2013). It shows that U.S Congress does not pay attention to make the public education system better. It is contradict with the situation when NCLB is signed into law with overwhelming support from both party Democrat and Republic ((Villavicencio, 2005). This situation imply that even an important sector such as education can become the political commodity with insincere attention from House of Representatives.
            Education in Indonesia also has quite same problem with what happen in the U.S. Here, the equality to get good education for all children also still can be achieved. Every Indonesian children has the right to get the education according to Indonesian Constitution (UUD 1945) that stated in preamble and verse 31 article 1. Those mandates from Constitution tried to be implemented by holding various program in education. The most important program is Wajib Belajar (Wajar) 9 Tahun. It is a program that gives opportunity for all Indonesian children to get compulsory education for 9 years (6 years of elementary and 3 years in junior high) (Kemdikbud, 2012). According to Director General for Primary Education, Suyanto (2012), as cited in Kemdikbud (2012) Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia claims that Wajar 9 Tahun has been achieved in 2008 with 99% of completion.  However, in the implementation this program has not been fully successful and faces many problems. In the remote there are still many schools that has minimum infrastructure such as school building. It is contrary to what happen in the big cities where the students can enjoy the god facilities such as AC, internet connection, and some others facilities. It shows the inequality of education distribution. The children in the remote area must struggle to go to school with quite far location from their house and learn with minimum facilities. Meanwhile, in the big city not all children also can afford the good education. Government supports the Wajar 9 Tahun by giving funding support trough Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) only for operating budget to run the school, so they must pay more for the supplementary needs such as book, uniform, school activity and etc. In Indonesia the inequality to get education is mostly caused by the economicand social status.       
            Education is the root of nation development. The good and equal opportunity to get education is a must to make a better nation. The policies and laws that are made by the government should concern on how the education can be achieved by all citizens in the country. The individual differences such as background culture, ethnics, and socioeconomic status should not be the burden to get equal education.
Resources:
Carleton. (2008). Carleton College. Retrieved from Come and Vote: http://www.carleton.edu/departments/educ/vote/pages/Pros_and-Cons.html
Cordes, B., & Miller, G. (2006). Rockhurst University. Retrieved from http://cte.rockhurst.edu/s/945/images/editor_documents/content/PROJECT%20INEQUALITY%20STUDENT%20PAPERS(Listed%20Alphabetically%20by%20P/cordes.pdf
Court, U. (2013, July 11). United States Courts. Retrieved from History of Brown vs Board of Edcation: http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/get-involved/federal-court-activities/brown-board-education-re-enactment/history.aspx
Education, U. D. (2012, December 26). U.S Department of Education . Retrieved from Elementary and Secondary Education Act: http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/guid/stateletters/index.html
McBride, A. (2006, December 16). Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved from Supreme Court History Expanding Civil Rights: Lanmark Cases: www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html
Kemdikbud. (2012). Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun Sudah Tuntas. Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indoensia. Retrived from http://www.kemdiknas.go.id/kemdikbud/node/653
Villavicencio, M. (2005, August 21). Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved from PBS Newshour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/education/no_child/basics.html

Friday, July 12, 2013

Better Curriculum for a Better Indonesia



Better Curriculum for a Better Indonesia
By Buyung A. N. Sudrajat and Syaifurrohman
Universitas Siswa Bangsa Internasional

To change the national education curriculum is not as simple as winding up a clock. It needs a lot of consideration, but it would seem that it is not the case in Indonesia. Education is now mired in controversy because of the promulgation of the decree of changing the national curriculum Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) into Curriculum 2013 by the Ministry of Education and Culture. It has been announced and decided by Komisi X of the House of Representative on May 27th, 2013 that the Curriculum 2013 will be implemented on 2013/2014 academic year starting from July 15th, 2013 (detik.com, 2013). The implementation of Curriculum 2013 has been agreed by 6 factions and with 3 factions reject the decision. Curriculum 2013 will be implemented in 6.235 schools ex RSBI and schools with an A accreditation. This change will bring many improvement to education in Indonesia since Curriculum 2013 has many strengths. However, out there are so many teachers, education practitioners, and might be parents also who doubt the new curriculum. This article try to point out the positive sides of Curriculum 2013 such as concise in the content, focusing on developing students’ characters based on the nation’s core values and social norms, a holistic assessment that represent the behavioural, skills, and knowledge, and giving an opportunity to students to develop their own potential.     
More Concise, More Effective
            The content of KTSP are too heavy but the covered material is not deep enough. Based on the data analysis from Ministry of Education and Culture (2012) the content of KTSP is too heavy, it shows from the number of subjects and materials in which the coverage and level is not appropriate even exceed students’ age development. This problem try to be solved by some strategies that is implemented in Curriculum 2013. In the Curriculum 2013 the content is more concise and more effective. It can be seen from the deduction of the subjects in elementary and junior high with purpose to more focus on the subject that students need to get at their level. Moreover, based on the analysis from Ministry of Education and Culture (2012) the ideal content of a curriculum should be relevant with the needed competency, using essential material, and appropriate with the students development. The implementation can be seen from the adjustment of subject in elementary school and junior high school.    
Nurturing and Developing Students’ Characters
As we know Indonesia is a country which always keeps its core value and social norms, but now days students at school often act contradictorily such as do not respect teacher, break the rules, and do negative actions which are contradictory with nation’s core value. The solution for decrease those problems are curriculum 2013. Curriculum 2013 is the way for establishing the future generations who have a good character.  Therefore in the curriculum 2013 the basic competence focus on how students apply the core value such as honest, discipline, responsible, well mannered, friendly with the environment, mutual aid, peaceful and cooperative. Those values are expected can be the foundation for the students and they could apply in the community.
Holistic Assessment
Other strength of curriculum 2013 is about the assessment. Curriculum 2013 comes with holistic assessment that address all the aspects of learning which are behavior, skill and knowledge. All subjects in Curriculum 2013 system apply the students’ assessment which refers to those aspects. The students do not only get the knowledge of learning but they also get how to have good personality, strong personal belief, and confidence when they are assess by the teacher. The assessment in curriculum 2013 also attracts the students in establishing their skill in observing, asking, trying, reworking, creating reason, and creating toward their assessment process. So, through students’ assessment system in curriculum 2013, students do not only come with the knowledge of the process in understanding the material of learning process, but also students masters the skill process and behavior process in doing assessment.
Developing Students’ Potential
            Curriculum 2013 provides students an opportunity to develop and maximize their potentials. According to Pingree (2007), “education should carry out the spirit of liberalism in which each individual can develop their potency and (that) education is specific experiences - especially those that ask of students greater and more intense involvements, experiences where they encounter their own privilege as learners.” Curriculum 2013 reflects the spirit of liberalism as seen in the inclusion of compulsory subjects and elective classes. This kind of system can enables the students to choose the subject they want to pursue based on their interesting and ability dovetailed with basic knowledge in religion, first language, citizen education, etc.
            Curriculum 2013 is designed to develop Indonesia’s young generation to have good character, strong sense of norms and moral values which they can apply in real-time contexts. Each perspective in education has their strength and weaknesses. The best education can be achieved by combining and maximizing all components in the education itself for a better Indonesia.

Selected Bibliography:
Indonesia, M. o. (2013, March 23). kemendikbud.go.id. Retrieved from kemendikbud.go.id: http://downloads.ziddu.com/downloadfiles/20958865/DRAFTKURIKULUM201313NOVPDF.pdf
Iqbal, M. (2013). Tok! DPR Setujui Kurikulum Baru Dimulai Tanggal 15 Juli 2013. Retrived from http://news.detik.com/read/2013/05/27/225358/2257459/10/tok-dpr-setujui-kurikulum-baru-dimulai-tanggal-15-juli-2013 on May 31st, 2013
Pingree, S. E. (2007). Bringing Theory to Practice & Liberal Education: My Perspective. Liberal 
              Education, 93(1), 32-35. Retrieved from